Asian Art Essay

Folk contrivances in Azerbaijan have a spacious and interesting history. Works of art make from metal extracted from Nakhichevan, Migachevir, Gadanay, Gandja and other places are approximately 5000 years old. Crockery, weapons and adornments found here are not historical facts alone, barely valuable sources which testify the skills of the master. Different pictures, scraped on housing implements made from copper, bronze, gold and adornments, prove existence of fine art in Azerbaijan since ancient times.Carpets were made by several separate carpet-making schools of Azerbaijan (Guba, Baku, Shirvan, Gandja, Gazakh, Nagorny Karabakh, Tabriz) in different periods. Bhutanese art Bhutanese art is similar to the art of Tibet. Both are based upon Vajrayana Buddhism, with its pantheon of divine organisms. The major orders of Buddhism in Bhutan are Drukpa Kagyu and Nyingma. The former is a branch of the Kagyu School and is cognize for paintings documenting the lineage of Buddhistic master s and the 70 Je Khenpo (leaders of the Bhutanese monastic establishment).The Nyingma order is known for images of Padmasambhava, who is credited with introducing Buddhism into Bhutan in the 7th century. According to legend, Padmasambhava hid sacred treasures for future Buddhist masters, especially Pema Lingpa, to find. The treasure finders (terton) are also frequent subjects of Nyingma art. Each divine being is assigned special shapes, colors, and/or identifying objects, such as lotus, conch-shell, thunderbolt, and begging bowl.All sacred images are made to exact specifications that have remained remarkably unchanged for centuries. Bhutanese art is particularly rich in bronzes of different kinds that are collectively known by the name Kham-so (made in Kham) even though they are made in Bhutan, because the technique of making them was originally imported from the eastern hemisphereern province of Tibet called Kham. Wall paintings and sculptures, in these regions, are formulated on t he principal ageless ideals of Buddhist art forms.Even though their emphasis on detail is derived from Tibetan models, their origins can be discerned easily, despite the profusely embroidered garments and glittering ornaments with which these figures are lavishly covered. In the grotesque world of demons, the artists apparently had a greater freedom of action than when modeling images of divine beings. Buddhist art Buddhist art originated on the Indian subcontinent following the historical life of Siddhartha Gautama, 6th to 5th century BC, and thereafter evolved by contact with other cultures as it spread throughout Asia and the world.Buddhist art followed believers as the dharma spread, adapted, and evolved in each new host uncouth. It developed to the north through Central Asia and into Eastern Asia to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, and to the east as far as Southeast Asia to form the Southern branch of Buddhist art. In India, Buddhist art flourished and even influence d the development of Hindu art, until Buddhism almost disappeared in India around the 10th century due in part to the vigorous expansion of Islam alongside Hinduism. Burmese contemporary artBurma (Myanmar) is a country in Southeast Asia which has endured isolation for the last four decades. It is also a country with deep rooted Buddhist beliefs. The contemporary art scene in the country reflects these facts, and the art is often related to Buddhism and the difficult socio-political situation. In this age of globalization, Burmese contemporary art has developed rather on its own terms. Chinese Art Chinese art has varied throughout its ancient history, divided into periods by the ruling dynasties of China and changing technology.Great philosophers, teachers, religious figures and even political leaders have influenced different forms of art. Chinese art encompasses fine arts, folk arts and performance arts. Eastern Art Eastern art history is devoted(p) to the arts of the Far East and includes a vast range of influences from various cultures and religions. The emphasis is on art history amongst many diverse cultures in Asia. Developments in Eastern art historically parallel those in Western art, in general a few centuries earlier.African art, Islamic art, Indian art, Chinese art, and Japanese art each had significant influence on Western art, and, vice-versa. Indian art Indian Art is the art produced on the Indian subcontinent from about the tertiary millennium BC to modern times. To viewers schooled in the Western tradition, Indian art may seem overly ornate and sensuous appreciation of its justness comes only gradually, as a rule. Voluptuous feeling is given unusually free expression in Indian culture.A strong sense of plan is also characteristic of Indian art and can be observed in its modern as well as in its traditional forms. Persian art The Iranian cultural region consisting of the modern nations of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekist an, and surrounding regions is home to one of the richest art heritages in world history and encompasses many disciplines including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sway masonry.

My Son the Fanatic

My son the fanatic The genesis gap is a dilemma which frequently occurs among immigrants, and in his unaw ares boloney My son the fanatic, Hanif Kureishi brings up the issue concerned. Kureishi introduces us to a set out, whos alarmed and puzzle by his sons strange behavior, which proves out to be against his birth values. During this, Kureishi touches on the topics fanaticism and religion, and how these can swop ones behavior towards ones family. Kureishi as well focuses on how quite a pocket-sized relate to their roots.The main character in the floor is Parvez, whos a penny-pinching enough congresswoman of an immigrant being well-integrated. He emigrated from Pakistan, where he was taught the Koran. He underwent indignity during this, and later on he avoided all religion he even prefers jokes to rules. Even though he has a married woman and a son, he spends most of his era living a boys bread and butter with his confederate taxi drivers performing card and avoidin g their wives. The record of the story is 3rd person narrative and is therefore limited, unless we see the conflict from Parvezs stratum of bet, which engenders surprises. Parvez sprang across the hall and set his ear at Alis door. A muttering sound came from at heart () The boy was praying. (l. 130-134) Befaces eating bacon and playing cards, a nonher good example of Parvez not being very Islamic is that he k todays a tart, Bettina. To demoralizeher they cause deep duologue roundthing Parvez wasnt able to pick out with his own wife. It is likewise Bettina who helps Parvez figuring out whats firing on with his son, f. ex. He knew what to look for Bettina had drawn pictures(l. 103-104) and reluctantly he and Bettina had abandoned their only explanation(l. 18-119) Surreptitiously, the father began going into his sons bedroom(l. 1). As early as the first line, the story pictures a father (Parvez) who struggles with something. Ali, the son of Parvez, acts polarly and quee rly, and his new kempt conduct scares Parvez who was aware that he had become slightly afeared(predicate) of his son, who, betwixt his silences was developing a frizzly tongue (l. 15-17) Ali has also become very obscure and mystical, and an example of a cryptic remark of Ali is there are more important things to be done (l. 9) The immature son Ali is going through a huge change. Formerly, he was well-integrated equal his father, and they unders withald apiece other. As Parvez give tongue to we were brothers (l. 56) But at some point Ali decided to distance himself from the British/western institution he threw out his material goods and dissociate himself from his old friends and girlfriend. Among other things, computer disks and videotape are mentioned as Alis discarded things, and this indicates that the story takes place in our time.Furthermore, the setting is placed among the lower part of the middle-class, since Parvez is a taxi-driver, and they are immigrants. Furt hermore, the relationship between Parvez and his son is slightly crumbling, curiously when Parvez finds out that his son has chosen the opposite estimate of life than himself Ali has become very apparitional, and Parvez is puzzled and concerned and doesnt know how to deal with this. But hes growing a face fungus(l. 115) is the first sign Parvez intercepts and ex engages to Bettina.Henceoff, the conflict whether its wrong or right-hand(a) to blame ones son for befitting religious blossoms. Additionally, the relationship between the two of them worsens Ali returns his fathers long and curious looks with a hint of criticism, of reproach (l. 111-112) and Ali acts as if he hated his father (l. 194) Dont you know its wrong to drink alcohol? Ali said (l. 177). One of the most important passages is the restaurant scene with Parvez and Ali, because until this scene, we harbour only been following Parvezs angle of the matter.Ali have been very introvert, but at this point we have Alis interior thoughts revealed Ali blames his father for being too implicated in Western civilization(l. 218) and for having broken the rules of the Koran, which he means should be followed to the letter, for the reward provide be in Paradise(l. 238). To this statement, Parvez feels puzzled and exasperated. But when Ali announces that hes giving up his study, and especially after Ali have shown disrespect towards Bettina (which you can interpret as Ali insulting Parvezs lifestyle), Parvez cant traverse the worry anymore.Thus the piffling story ends up in a climax Parvez beats Ali up plot of ground hes praying, whereupon Ali says So whos the fanatic now(l. 392) Parvez had been telling Bettina that he thought people in the West sometimes felt inwardly untenanted and needed a philosophy to run by(l. 310). This could be one of reasons wherefore the emerging problem between Parvez and Ali arises. The struggle is basically caused by the generation gap, which leads us to the central c onflict the two of them evidently dont understand each other.Especially Parvez doesnt get his sons sudden change in values, and doesnt understand why Ali rejects the Western world, simply because its not compatible with the Moslem office of life. The development of the relationship between Ali and Parvez is the main focus, and with integration as a issue, Kureishi deliberates and construes the gap generation. Where the older generation has lived out their conceive of of freedom, the younger generation grows up with much wider opportunities in life and all this freedom makes them search for guidelines.They energy have experienced the more unpleasant and cruel side of the Western culture, seeing that they have been different to their surroundings, growing up. That is why some of them find that religion binds second generation immigrants together. Touching on this, Kureishs sets forth his view on religion as a selected/ jilted thing, which in cases can lead to the play of fanati cism both for the religious ones, who we are easy to claim fanatic. But Kureish also portrays the more omit ones those, who so hardly fight against religion and refuse their background. Because they have a special opinion on how life should be lived, too.My Son the FanaticMy Son the Fanatic My Son the Fanatic is a short story just just about a worried dad, Parvez. From his perspective we get to read how his son, Ali, is suddenly changing his view on life and with that, also turning upside down his fathers life. A theme of the story could be teenager creating his own identity. That is what Ali is doing by breaking out of the world in which he was raised by his parents. Ali wants to take the opposite direction of his dad, to avoid ending up like him this could be an important reason for Ali suddenly becoming a Muslim.Another possible theme would be rebelling against parents. The story is told in third person singular by an implicit teller who is aware of Parvez thoughts and how he is feeling. on that point are only three relevant characters in the story Parvez the father, Ali the son and Bettina, who is a street prostitute and a friend of Parvez. Parvez is a taxi driver living in England with his family. Even though he was raised in Lahore and taught to be a Muslim, he tries to fit in with society as good as possible.As a child, Parvez had bad experiences learning the Koran, which is probably what causes his anti-religious behaviour (p. 197 l. 21 and 197 l. 38-40). That is also why Parvez has difficulties nerve-wracking to understand his son, when he finds him praying five times a day. He feels he has lost his son (p. 199 l. 22), and gets so angry that he cant control himself in some situations. However, throughout the story we get the impression that he is a good father, really trying to live with the way his son has changed.For instance, on page 196 lines 23 27, Parvez takes a night off to go out with his son and tell him about his family in Pakistan. P arvez good intentions aside him having a drinking problem combined with the sharp tongue Ali has developed are two things that are not making it easy for Parvez to keep his temper. Throughout the story, Parvez talks to Bettina about the problem, sounding very insecure and worried. E. g. on page 194 lines 13 16 I cant understand it We were not father and son we were brothersWhere has he gone? Why is he torturing me This makes the endorser feel sympathetic towards him until page 202 lines 1-4, where he kicks and beats his son several times. We know very little about how Ali was as a person before he changed. We know from his dad that he was messy, playing guitar, had English friends and an English girlfriend. Despite Ali being raised in a regular English way and being a teenager, because of his religious change, he has become more responsible, quiet and serious.Living by the rules of the Koran, Ali is now behaving as a missionary towards his father. One reason for Alis sudden r eligious behaviour could be that he seeks his spiritual side. Maybe he wants some answers about life and death that science cant give him. Ali could also be so afraid and disgusted by the idea of ending up like his father, a taxi driver with a drinking-problem, that he now does everything he can to prevent that from happening. The ending makes the ref uncertain of where his or her sympathy lies.I was on Parvez side throughout the story, disliking how Ali didnt involve his family in his sudden new life-style. But, on page 202 lines 1-4, Parvez beats his son, and Ali says on page 202 line 6 So whos the fanatic now? . Ali saying this makes the reader realise that Parvez actually has been very obsessed with his sons religious behaviour, thinking about it constantly. This is a turning point in the story, since it becomes clear that Parvez is the one becoming fanatically angry time after time, while Ali is the more reasonable one, after his change of beliefs.To conclude, this story is ab out a worried father whose teenage son is suddenly turning religiously active. The teenager is able to identify himself with neither his father nor the society he is living in. Therefore he seeks answers to binge a hole inside of him. Answers, that science cannot provide. The father is having a hard time accepting that, not realising that with his aggressive response to his sons changes, he actually turns into a fanatic himself, constantly observation his son and obsessing about his behaviour. Savanna K2My Son the FanaticMy son the fanatic The generation gap is a dilemma which frequently occurs among immigrants, and in his short story My son the fanatic, Hanif Kureishi brings up the issue concerned. Kureishi introduces us to a father, whos alarmed and puzzled by his sons strange behavior, which proves out to be against his own values. During this, Kureishi touches on the topics fanaticism and religion, and how these can change ones behavior towards ones family. Kureishi also focuse s on how people relate to their roots.The main character in the story is Parvez, whos a good example of an immigrant being well-integrated. He emigrated from Pakistan, where he was taught the Koran. He underwent indignity during this, and subsequently he avoided all religion he even prefers jokes to rules. Even though he has a wife and a son, he spends most of his time living a boys life with his fellow taxi drivers playing card and avoiding their wives. The narration of the story is 3rd person narrative and is therefore limited, but we see the conflict from Parvezs point of view, which engenders surprises. Parvez sprang across the hall and set his ear at Alis door. A muttering sound came from within () The boy was praying. (l. 130-134) Besides eating bacon and playing cards, another example of Parvez not being very Muslim is that he knows a prostitute, Bettina. Together they have deep talks something Parvez wasnt able to have with his own wife. It is also Bettina who helps Parvez f iguring out whats going on with his son, f. ex. He knew what to look for Bettina had drawn pictures(l. 103-104) and Reluctantly he and Bettina had abandoned their only explanation(l. 18-119) Surreptitiously, the father began going into his sons bedroom(l. 1). As early as the first line, the story pictures a father (Parvez) who struggles with something. Ali, the son of Parvez, acts differently and queerly, and his new tidy conduct scares Parvez who was aware that he had become slightly afraid of his son, who, between his silences was developing a sharp tongue (l. 15-17) Ali has also become very obscure and mystical, and an example of a cryptic remark of Ali is There are more important things to be done (l. 9) The teenage son Ali is going through a huge change. Formerly, he was well-integrated like his father, and they understood each other. As Parvez said we were brothers (l. 56) But at some point Ali decided to distance himself from the British/western world he threw out his materi al goods and dissociate himself from his old friends and girlfriend. Among other things, computer disks and videotape are mentioned as Alis discarded things, and this indicates that the story takes place in our time.Furthermore, the setting is placed among the lower part of the middle-class, since Parvez is a taxi-driver, and they are immigrants. Furthermore, the relationship between Parvez and his son is slightly crumbling, especially when Parvez finds out that his son has chosen the opposite view of life than himself Ali has become very religious, and Parvez is puzzled and concerned and doesnt know how to deal with this. But hes growing a beard(l. 115) is the first sign Parvez intercepts and exclaims to Bettina.Henceforth, the conflict whether its wrong or right to blame ones son for becoming religious blossoms. Additionally, the relationship between the two of them worsens Ali returns his fathers long and curious looks with a hint of criticism, of reproach (l. 111-112) and Ali ac ts as if he hated his father (l. 194) Dont you know its wrong to drink alcohol? Ali said (l. 177). One of the most important passages is the restaurant scene with Parvez and Ali, because until this scene, we have only been following Parvezs angle of the matter.Ali have been very introvert, but at this point we have Alis interior thoughts revealed Ali blames his father for being too implicated in Western civilization(l. 218) and for having broken the rules of the Koran, which he means should be followed to the letter, for the reward will be in Paradise(l. 238). To this statement, Parvez feels puzzled and exasperated. But when Ali announces that hes giving up his study, and especially after Ali have shown disrespect towards Bettina (which you can interpret as Ali insulting Parvezs lifestyle), Parvez cant handle the problem anymore.Thus the short story ends up in a climax Parvez beats Ali up while hes praying, whereupon Ali says So whos the fanatic now(l. 392) Parvez had been telling Bettina that he thought people in the West sometimes felt inwardly empty and needed a philosophy to live by(l. 310). This could be one of reasons why the emerging problem between Parvez and Ali arises. The struggle is basically caused by the generation gap, which leads us to the central conflict the two of them simply dont understand each other.Especially Parvez doesnt get his sons sudden change in values, and doesnt understand why Ali rejects the Western world, simply because its not compatible with the Muslim way of life. The development of the relationship between Ali and Parvez is the main focus, and with integration as a theme, Kureishi deliberates and construes the gap generation. Where the older generation has lived out their dream of freedom, the younger generation grows up with much wider opportunities in life and all this freedom makes them search for guidelines.They might have experienced the more unpleasant and cruel side of the Western culture, seeing that they have bee n different to their surroundings, growing up. That is why some of them find that religion binds 2nd generation immigrants together. Touching on this, Kureishs sets forth his view on religion as a selected/rejected thing, which in cases can lead to the stage of fanaticism both for the religious ones, who we are easy to claim fanatic. But Kureish also portrays the more neglected ones those, who so hardly fight against religion and refuse their background. Because they have a special opinion on how life should be lived, too.

Electrical Conductors vs Insulators Essay

Every thing in the world is variedi adequate to(p) on the basis of its electric caral conductance. Some things ar called insulators and these substances never conduct electricity. they allow in things such as cold air,wood and plastic. Then there ar things that conduct electricity and current flows d matchless them, they are called conductors. examples of conductors are most metals like copper and steel. Other real(a)s that are some clippings used as conductors are silver, gold, and aluminum.Copper is still the most popular material used for wires because it is a very earnest conductor of electrical current and it is fairly inexpensive when compared to gold and silver. Aluminum and most other metals do non conduct electricity quite as good as copper. The electrons of different types of atoms switch different degrees of freedom to move near. With some types of materials, such as metals, the outmost electrons in the atoms are so slackly bound that they chaotically move in the space between the atoms of that material by nothing to a greater extent(prenominal) than the influence of room-temperature heat aptitude.Because these virtually unbound electrons are free to leave their respective atoms and float around in the space between adjacent atoms, they are often called free electrons. Also, this relative mobility of electrons within a material is known as electric conductivity. Conductivity is determined by the types of atoms in a material (the do of protons in to each one atoms nucleus, determining its chemical identity) and how the atoms are linked unitedly with one another. Materials with high electron mobility (m each free electrons) are called conductors, while materials with low electron mobility (few or no free electrons) are called insulators.Some substances that conduct at high temperatures are called semi conductors. they do not conduct as good as conductors but have various uses that make them more versatile than conductors themselves. Lastly, are materials of recent times, called superconductors, that at very low temperatures, such as 230 Kelvin, can conduct freely without any resistance whatsoever. The difference comes down to nothing more than how the electrons are arranged around the nucleus. The laws of quantum natural philosophy say that there are only specific bands (or tracks) in which any electron can travel. in that respect are some interesting facts about these bands.First of all, only a very specific number of electrons can travel in each one once its full, its full. Second, which track an electron is in corresponds to how much energy that electron has. And third, some of the bands are close-set(prenominal) to each other than others. different atoms have different numbers of electrons, and how those electrons are arranged in the bands defines whether a material made of those atoms ordain conduct. In every atom, the electrons get as close to the nucleus as possible, since the bands that are closes t to the nucleus are also the ones that require the least energy.That means that the outermost shell might not be completely filled, and thus an electron from a nearby atom can join this atom in its outermost shell. these moving electrons create an electrical current. therefore we can say that atoms with empty spaces in the outermost electron bands are conductors. the materials with no empty spaces in the outermost electron band are insulators. They do not let electrons flow very easily from one atom to another. Insulators are materials whose atoms have tightly bound electrons. These electrons are not free to roam around and be shared by populate atoms.However there are materials that fall in between conductors and insulators. Their conductance is in between metals and insulators. And their conductance can be modified by shining a light on them or injecting charges. Theyre known as semiconductors. They are mostly made of atoms that dont conduct electricity, but they have a smatter ing of atoms with loose electrons. Under certain circumstances by changing things like temperature or how much energy is injected these loose electrons will start a flowing current.Superconductors are very different from the first three, since no material known today superconducts except at very cold temperatures. Scientists are discovering materials that do superconduct closer and closer to room temperature all the time, but no one is quite sure how that happens. However, some scientists have come up with a theory for how the very coldest superconductors work, known as the BCS theory. In such materials, at low temperatures, the atoms vibrate in a way that forces the moving electrons closer together. Normally electrons dont like to huddle so close, since theyre all electrically negative and therefore snub each other.But in superconductors, the electrons actually achieve almost an attraction for each other. The result is that as one electron moves, it pulls the next electron along right behind it. Electrons slip from atom to atom more easily than they ever do normally. Therefore, atoms which, at the right temperature, can make electrons attract instead of repel each other are superconductors.In a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an insulator it cannot. Metals such as copper typify conductors, while most non-metallic solids are said to be good insulators, having extremely high resistance to the flow of charge by them. Conductor implies that the outer electrons of the atoms are loosely bound and free to move through the material. Most atoms hold on to their electrons tightly and are insulators. In copper, the valence electrons are essentially free and strongly repel each other. Any external influence which moves one of them will cause a repulsion of other electrons which propagates, domino fashion through the conductor. Simply stated, most metals are good electrical conductors, most nonmetals are not. Metals are also in general good heat cond uctors while nonmetals are not.While the normal motion of free electrons in a conductor is random, with no particular direction or speed, electrons can be influenced to move in a coordinated fashion through a conductive material. This uniform motion of electrons is what we call electricity, or electric current. To be more precise, it could be called dynamic electricity in contrast to static electricity, which is an unmoving appeal of electric charge. Just like water flowing through the emptiness of a pipe, electrons are able to move within the empty space within and between the atoms of a conductor.The conductor may count to be solid to our eyes, but any material composed of atoms is mostly empty space The liquid-flow semblance is so fitting that the motion of electrons through a conductor is often referred to as a flow. With electricity, the general effect from one end of a conductor to the other happens at the speed of light a swift 186,000 miles per second Each individual ele ctron, though, travels through the conductor at a much dilatory pace. Effects on conductance Different conductors have different levels of conductance. Silver is the best conductor, offering easier line of achievement for electrons than any other material cited.Dirty water and concrete are also listed as conductors, but these materials are substantially less conductive than any metal. Physical dimension also impacts conductivity. For instance, if we take two strips of the comparable conductive material one thin and the other thick the thick strip will prove to be a better conductor than the thin for the same length. If we take another pair of strips this time both with the same thickness but one shorter than the other the shorter one will offer easier passage to electrons than the long one. Most metals become poorer conductors when heated, and better conductors when cooled.

Research Paradigm

Webster Dictionary defines paradigm as an example or pattern small, self-contained, simplified examples that we riding habit to illustrate procedures, processes, and theoretical points. The most quoted definition of paradigm is Thomas Kuhns (1962, 1970) concept in The Nature of acquaintance Revolution, i. e. paradigm as the underlying assumptions and intellectual structure upon which research and development in a airfield of inquiry is based. The other definitions in the research literature include Patton (1990) A paradigm is a truth view, a general perspective, a way of breaking down the complexity of the real world.Paradigm is an interpretative framework, which is guided by a set of beliefs and feelings approximately the world and how it should be understood and studied. (Guba, 1990). Denzin and Lincoln (2001) listed ternary categories of those beliefs Ontology what kind of being is the human being. Ontology deals with the question of what is real. Epistemology what is th e alliance between the inquirer and the known epistemology is the branch of doctrine that studies the nature of knowledge and the process by which knowledge is acquired and validated (Gall, Borg, & Gall, 1996) Methodology how do we know the world, or gain knowledge of it?When challenging the assumptions underlying positivism, Lincoln and Guba (2000) also identified two more categories that will distinguish different paradigms, i. e. beliefs in causality and oxiology. The assumptions of causality asserts the position of the nature and possibility of causal relationship oxiology deals with the issues about rate. Specific assumptions about research include the role of value in research, how to avoid value from influencing research, and how best to use research products (Baptiste, 2000).Dill and Romiszowski (1997) stated the functions of paradigms as follows Define how the world works, how knowledge is extracted from this world, and how wholeness is to think, write, and talk about th is knowledge Define the types of questions to be asked and the methodologies to be used in answering determine what is published and what is not published Structure the world of the academic worker Provide its meaning and its consequence Two major philosophical doctrines in the affectionate science inquiry argon positivism and postpositivism.The sp ar-time activity is a contrast of the research approach that are entailed from these two different philosophical paradigms. Positivism Postpostivism philosophical Inquiry The physical and genial reality is independent of those who observe it Observation of this reality, if unbiased, constitutes scientific knowledge. Behavioral researchers in education and psychology exemplify an approach to scientific inquiry that is grounded in positivist epistemology.Social reality is constructed by the individuals who participate it. It is constructed differently by different individuals. This view of social reality is consistent with the construc tivist driving force in cognitive psychology, which posts that individuals gradually build their own understandings of the world through experience and maturation. The mind is not tabula rasa (blank slate) upon which knowledge is written. Research Design The inquiry centeringes on the determination of the general trends of a defined populations.The features of the social environment retain a high degree of constancy across time and space. Local variations are considered noise Study of sample distributions and population Generalization first defining the population of interest, select a vocalization of the population, the researcher generalizes the findings obtained from battlegrounding the sample to the larger population using the statistical techniques to determine the likelihood that sample findings are likely to apply to the population.The scientific inquiry must focus on the study of twofold social realities, i. e. the different realities created by different individuals a s they interact in a social environment. bump a ways to get individuals to reveal their constructions of social realities, including the person being studied and the researcher. Reflexivity focus on the researchers self as an integral constructor of the social reality being studied The study of ndividuals interpretations of social reality must occur at the local, immediate level. Study of cases have you learned something about his case that informs us about another cases? Generalization of case study findings must be make on a case-by-case basis. In other words, it is the reader who made the generalization based on his or her own interpretation The focus is on the transferability instead of generalization.Data Collection and Design. The use of math to represent and analyze features of social reality is consistent with positivist epistemology a particular feature great deal be isolated and conceptualized as a variable. The variables can be expressed as a numeric scales. Deductive analysis identify underlying themes and patterns prior to information collection and searching through the data for instances of them hypothesis testing Focuses on the study of individual cases and by making thick verbal descriptions of what they observe. uninflected induction search through data bit by bit and then infers that certain events or statements are instances of the same underlying themes or patterns View of causality A mechanistic causality among social objects Individuals interpretation of situations cause them to take certain actions Lincoln and Guba (2000) made the following distinctions between positivist and natural scientist inquiries. Positivist Naturalist Reality is single, tangible, and fragmentable. Realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic.Dualism the knower and the known are independent. The knower and the known are interactive and inseparable. Time and context free generalizationOnly time-and context-bound working hypotheses are possible. Real cause s, temporally precedent to or simultaneous with their effects (causal relationship)All entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is out(predicate) to distinguish causes from effects. Inquiry is value free. Inquiry is value bounded.

Effective Communication and Employee Performance Essay

The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of blood line parley on judicatureal movement in organizations. In business, message is conveyed through various channels of conversation, including internet, print (publication), radio, television, etc. Whether or not significant change(s) results in the performance of an organization as a result of business communion is til now to be established. This study, indeed, is carried break to investigate the relationship between business communication and organizational performance in organizations using a contextualized and literature based look instrumentate to measure the application of the investigated constructs.Using the discern method, the study would obtain sample data from 100 small and large manufacturing and service companies. The research instrument would show encouraging evidence of reliability and validity. Data would be analyzed using descriptive statistics, percentages and t- block out analysis. The study i s to find out that legal business communication is emphasized to a reasonable end in surveyed organizations. However, the level of emphasize is a question of degree.It would also find out the extent of practices of stiff business communication, which is related to the category of business (service versus manufacturing) and its size. The research findings would be limited to just about extent by the confounding effect of variations within and between industry types of firm and industry sectors, and the use of respondents own-assessments of performance. The yet to be established research would be beyond the usual context of developed western economies, and thereby, potentially contains some lessons for practitioners and researchers in other developing countries.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYThe enhancement of telling organizational performance more often than not depends on the manner and way information is transferred and received among members of the organization. Nations communicate among each other through trade, disconcert relieve in prison terms of natural disaster. Nations disseminate information on political, economic and social issues whiles effective communication has boost the performance of employees tremendously in modern organizations. However, the challenges that organization face in transmission system their information and messages has greatly affected the performance of some organizations in the country.As the live-blood of the organization, communication is expected to be clear and brief but comprehensive. This has not been so in many organizations. Therefore impedes on the boilersuit output of the organization in the country. It is rightly said that thaw success of an organization is dependent on the transp arncy between the team members and clear concord of ideas between them. communication is very vital constituent in business management. Communication is the means by which people in exchange information.According to Chester Barnard, co mmunication is the means by which people are linked together in an organization to achieve a common purpose. The role of the effective communication on performance of an organization starts from the day an employee joins the firm to the time he or she leaves the firm. It is the prime responsibility of the Human Resource department to clearly inform employees the rules and policies of the organization for them to perform well. It is therefore important that the details, and the important deadlines must be made clear to members concern in an organization to expect better performance.PROBLEM STATEMENTCommunication contributes effectively towards the organizational success. This is only do when it is used to perform its key functions of controlling, motivating, emotional expressions and decision making. In organizations, miscommunication is inevitable. Ineffective communication clearly affects a companys performance leading to a drop in share price. Moreover, effective communication is critical for employee motivation and job satisfaction (kinicki and kreitner 2006) When communication is not effective, the end result is an increase in production time and a decrease in the bottom line. In order to avoid this outcome, effective communication must be in place. (Joey, 2002) Poor communication in workplace is a just problem and can be costly to an organization. The impact can be devastating to the parties involved. Some of the results intromitLoss of business, customers, products, goods and servicesHigh employee turnoverLoss of productivity, absenteeism, sabotage, injury and accidents, snick leaves etc. This study therefore seeks to identify the impact of ineffective communication on organizational performance and possible ways to engineer them.PURPOSE OF STUDYThe purpose of the study is to explore the implication of ineffective communication on organizations and how to embrace them. One of the purpose for studying effective communication and organizational perfor mance is to aid in the cookery of the organizational activities. Also, find suitable solutions to curb the challenges facing the organizations. In addition to the above, the study would help business organizations to identify specific goals and as it were make sure that the goals are notwithstanding, develop an effective communication scheme for meeting those goals and verifying that the proposed strategy actually matches the laid down goals.OBJECTIVESThe study seeks to look atThe spirit of communication and organizational performance. Explore the factors responsible for the challenges of effective communication on organizational performance. Find out the implication of ineffective communicational performance The strategies that can be adopted to address the challenges of ineffective e communication organizational performance.RESEARCH QUESTIONSWhat is the nature of the challenges in communication on organizational performance?What factors are responsible for the challenges of eff ective communication on organizational performance?What are the implications of ineffective communication on organizational performance?What are the measures that can be used to address the challenges?KEY TERMSCommunicationOrganizationPerformanceCommunicationThis is activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing or behavior. Also, it can be defined as the transfer of information from the sender to the receiver which is intended to make a meaning.ORGANIZATIONIt is the process of identifying and grouping thee work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work effectively in accomplishing objectives. It is the process of descend work into convenient tasks or duties in the form of-posts, of delegating authority to each post, and of appointing qualified lag to be responsible that the work is carried ou t as planned.PERFORMANCEIt is the process for establishing a shared understanding about what is to achieved and how is to achieved, and an approach to managing people that increases the probability of achieving success (Weiss & Haryle, 1997). Performance is an iterative process of goal-setting, communication, observation and paygrade to support, retain and develop exceptional employees for organizational success.STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCHChapter 1The first chapter of the research dialogue about the introduction. The introduction involves background of the study, problem statement, aims and objectives, research questions, purpose of study, significance of study, scope of study, operational definition, twist of research and finally the Gant chart.Chapter 2The chapter 2 also entails the reviewing of literature. The literature review covers the introduction, business communication, role and functions of communication, communication levels, and direction of communication, grapevine com munication, communication channels, and barriers both emotional and interpersonal, effects of communication, employee morale and motivation.Chapter 3Chapter three involves the research methodology. This chapter involves the introduction, research design, and target population, sampling and sampling and sampling technique, data collection procedure, data analysis.Chapter 4The quaternate chapter contains the analysis and interpretation of data. Its introduction, questionnaire return rate, discussion of findings.Chapter 5It treats the discussion of results. Its introduction, summary, conclusion, references, appendices

Organizational Leadership Philosophy Essay

The ingredients of my demandership philosophy which I believe will be most effective oblige been summarized into three pages. It is undisputable that vision, values, leaders instruction, managing change, plow for soldiers and their families and a sense of humour argon all important divisions in a leadership philosophy. It is in this that I have a conviction of the ideology that, a military leader must have a personal philosophy since it will erect accomplishment of a comprehensive and integrated soak up of life which is of critical essence. Personal philosophy is therefore of absolute necessity because it gives a keister to opposite areas in life.To start with, vision is one of the most important elements to be put under servant when creating a leadership philosophy. One of this is the fact that, vision ought to be idealistic in order to weigh the mental model of the organization for now and in the future. It must also have the characteristics of appropriateness, purpose, direction and standards of honor (Wallace, 2008). It must be simple to understand, well articulated and ambitious. The organizational vision which corresponds to commanders tone can be divided into three concepts. Operation is used to describe the intent of the commander.Purpose is what unifies the trading operations and involves what the organization is meant to do. Lastly, endstate is the final result that has been achieved. From the above perspective, the vision I have communicated should be understood and divided by everyone in the organization if we are to achieve our objective. We should also apply the concept of vision and order where our vision acts as a way-point which is subject to ad neverthelessment along the way Value is the second element and it entails the morality and virtues which should form the central theme of the human nature.As an organization, the values of the U. S. ground forces are the foundation to provide service to the country. The sevensome major values which guide this philosophy can be of the essence(p) in any organization which includes loyalty, duty, respect, selfless-service, honour, integrity, and personal courage. The values are moral guidelines for each soldier to lead us through the intellectual, emotional and philosophical issues that surround our lives and organization. Every leader should therefore adhere to the seven values and ensure that they play the central role in their leadership philosophy. Organizational success depends on the values of the company, its stand and the belief of its people.People who think that we cannot change or train values are wrong and should therefore go for basic training in the US Marine Corps model. In addition, I believe that lack of enough discussion and understanding of values is the major reason for unethical behaviour which the media highlights. It is my duty therefore to establish a clod training program that will enhance values within the army. Caring for one another is the third element of my leadership philosophy just as it is emphasized by the soldiers. This kind of apprehension extends to all other people such as ensuring that soldiers and their families are taken care of.This is in as ensuring that, any mission set forth is successfully carry out. This may appear as competitive imperatives but both of them must be successfully accomplished by a talented leader. Taking good care of my soldiers will involve ensuring quality life, safety, family support, right-hand(a) equipment and training, and timely recognition of excellence. This aspect is greatly concurred within the army as the attribute is emphasized in form of an aggressive program which provides for and serves the soldiers welfare as an essential catalyst that ensures unit bonding.The full capableness of a soldier is reached when their leaders are caring because modern combat needs love and care of soldiers and soldiering. Leader development is another element made up of three import ant components which include titular schooling, leader training and empowerment. Among the professional training I intend my soldiers to undergo include the Basic as well as the Advanced Non-commissioned Officer Course, and many other courses that will promote professional development.Although the formal educational courses may collide with training and exercises, subordinates must receive these training to sharpen their specialities. Leader development is a continuous process and I will promote attendance to formal education to add on our professional development programs (Wallace, 2008). I will also ensure that subordinates are empowered through deputation of duties to encourage the growth of leadership within the organization The next element which is inevitable will be to plow change.Frequent deployment, downsizing, modern technology, and increased personnel and operations tempo will require the army to deal with tremendous change. My mission and purpose for the organization will clearly elaborate the need to manage change because it will be necessary for general improvement. Leveraging diversity is another element of leadership philosophy which is often overlooked by many people. Soldiers from different ethnic, religion, racial experience backgrounds should be reckon since they add value to the organization.The mechanism that I intend to use to ensure that diversity is appreciated includes open-door policy, visibleness and small-group sessions in the organization. Moreover, any personnel who do not value diversity will not be tolerated. Lastly, maintaining a sense of humour ought to be preserved since it is an important element for diffusing tension (Wallace, 2008). brain is important in developing personal rapport and enhancing the cooperation spirit. References Wallace, A. (2008). Organizational leadership Major Principles for Effective Leadership. A Journal of Human Resource Planning, Vol. 45, p. 23-32

How does the Bhagavad-Gita reveal fundamental teachings of Hinduism Essay

How does the Bhagavad-Gita reveal primal teachings of Hinduism expressed in musical fix up - Essay ExampleTo be specific, Bhagavad-Gita, which is in the form of sermon from the God (Lord Krishna), tends to reduce confusion and honorable predicament faced by Arjuna (the Pandava prince). When this sermon is generalized to the wider context of the complete teachings of Hinduism, one support good identify that Yoga or selfless action is assistanceful to attain moksha or enlightenment. Thesis statement The of import teachings (theories) of Hinduism (say, yoga, karma/dharma and selfless action to attain the divine) be revealed through Bhagavad-Gita because it deals with the scope of the same in human sprightliness (special references to Bhagavad-Gita). The fundamental teachings of Hinduism expressed in lyrical format One can see that the fundamental teachings of Hinduism are expressed in lyrical format. For instance, the sacred texts/works in Hinduism like the Ramayana (the story of Ramas journey), the Mahabharata (related to the dynastic struggle in ancient India), and the Puranas (related to spiritual and theoretical concepts in Hinduism) are expressed in lyrical format, especially in Sanskrit. So, lyrical format is the foundation of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism because the same deeply influenced the oral customs of chanting mantras in Hinduism. Within this context, the fundamental teachings of Hinduism expressed in lyrical format include yoga, karma/dharma and the greatness of selfless action in human life to attain the divide power or the Brahman. beginning(a) of all, yoga or unselfish action without considering the consequence is the most important aspect of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism. A yogi (a mortal who is ready to discard worldly pleasures) can attain moksha because he or she is ready to shed ego. Karma or the amassed liability of ones actions in day to day life is another important gene of the fundamental teachings of Hindu ism. To be specific, karma hinders one from attaining moksha. Within this context, dharma or duty mindedness can help one to run away from the cyclic process of birth, death and rebirth. Another important element of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism is selfless action. One can easily identify that Hinduism provides ample importance to selfless action, not idleness. From a different angle of view, yoga and dharma fall one towards selfless action and salvation. Revelation of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism through Bhagavad-Gita The most important elements of the revelation of the fundamental teachings of Hinduism through Bhagavad-Gita can be divided into three yoga, karma/dharma and the importance of action. A. Yoga The most important aspect of Bhagavad-Gita which reveals the fundamental teachings of Hinduism is yoga. In Bhagavad-Gita, Lord Krishna motivates prince Arjuna by pointing out the importance of yoga in ones life. When Arjuna hesitates to be the character refere nce of the Kurukshetra war against his relatives, Lord Krishna motivates him by creating awareness on the importance of action in human life. Selfishness cannot help one to attain moksha. Instead, selfless action can help one to realize the eternal uprightness/enlightenment. Mehta (2005) makes clear that according to Gita, work should be performed for its own sake, with whole-hearted attention, unaffected by any thought of advantage or failure, profit or loss, honor or dishonor, fame or loss of fame etc (p.39). Yoga is interconnected with devotional inspection and repair and action in life. Other elements or steps which can help one to be a yogi are meditation and knowledge. To be specific,